ANCHORAGE, Alaska — Common murres look like skinny penguins but fly like F-15 fighter jets.
The North Pacific seabirds can quickly cover hundreds of kilometres searching for schools of small forage fish. Their powerful wings enable them to dive more than 46 metres underwater to gorge on capelin, sand lance, herring, sardine and juvenile pollock.
So biologists were stunned four winters ago when carcasses of emaciated common murres showed up on beaches in what they say was the largest seabird die-off recorded in the world’s oceans. The die-off eventually killed an estimated 500,000 to one million murres from California to Alaska, eliminating 10 to 20 per cent of the northeast Pacific population of the species. Seabird experts now believe they know why.
Common murres were victims of starvation conditions that can be traced to the northeast Pacific marine heatwave dubbed “The Blob,” according to a paper published this week by 23 U.S. government, university and private researchers in the science journal PLOS ONE. The heat wave lasted more than 700 days from 2014 to 2016, increasing water temperature and interrupting patterns in the food web from the smallest creatures to top predators.
Forage fish — the main prey of murres — feed on zooplankton, the floating small animals that feed on plant plankton. Cold water produces the biggest, fattiest varieties of zooplankton. But the marine heat wave reduced the nutritional value of zooplankton, researchers concluded, and the lower-grade food stunted the growth of forage fish, commonly called “bait fish,” such as capelin, herring or anchovies.
So the forage fish utlilized by murre and other seabirds were smaller and carried less food value.
Ann Nightingale, of the Victoria Natural History Society and the Rocky Point Bird Observatory, recalls the spate of starvations that in Victoria seemed to especially affect rhinoceros auklets. Volunteers walking beaches noticed an increase in dead rhinoceros auklets on beaches around Clover Point and elsewhere. A few bodies were sent for analysis and the results came back as death by starvation.
A similar phenomenon occurred in 2015, she said, when the bodies of 100,000 Cassin’s auklets, another small seabird, washed up on beaches from B.C. to California. Starvation was also found to be the cause in that case.
“Seabirds are one of those groups of birds that have really suffered big declines over the past few years,” said Nightingale. “So these die-offs don’t help at all.”
The recent study on murres noted that four years ago, the birds also suffered from the warming Blob.
Warmer water increased the metabolism of large fish such as Pacific cod, walleye pollock and arrowtooth flounder, requiring them to eat more forage fish. Murres found themselves out-competed by large fish.
“The food just wasn’t there and everybody wanted it,” said lead author John Piatt, a research biologist for the U.S. Geological Survey who has studied seabirds for more than 40 years. “And it just got scarcer and scarcer.”
Common murres have marvellous tools for finding forage fish but have an Achille’s heel: Murres must eat
56 per cent of their body mass every day, the equivalent of 60 to 120 finger-length forage fish. If they don’t, they can starve in three to five days, Piatt said.
Murre die-offs have occurred before but never in such numbers and never across three ecosystems, Piatt said, alluding to the California Current System, the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea. Biologists, with help from citizen scientists, counted or collected 62,000 carcasses, although Piatt says the figure represents only a fraction of the deaths because murres spend most of their time far from shore.
About two-thirds of the dead birds were adults, which had ramifications for reproduction. Thirteen murre colonies in the Gulf of Alaska and the Bering Sea, where thousands of murres gather to reproduce, experienced complete failures for at least one breeding season during or after the die-off.
Seabird experts early on suspected naturally occurring toxins played a role in the deaths. So far, there has been no evidence that anything other than starvation could explain the mass mortality, Piatt said.
Pulling together work done oceanographers, fishery and avian-disease experts, and data collected by citizen scientists, Piatt and his collaborators focused on effects of the marine heat wave.
The Blob created water with surface temperatures that were more than 2 C above normal. The heat wave extended hundreds of kilometres offshore and hundreds of metres below the surface.
The reasons for the heat wave are unclear. Global warming has slowly raised ocean temperatures over decades. Yet the marine heat wave is also tied to the recurring Pacific climate patterns, including El Nino cycles of warm sea surface temperatures and changing patterns of wind speed, direction and duration that help mix ocean waters.
The murre deaths signalled that something was wrong in the ocean, but starvation die-offs, reproduction failures or population declines were recorded in other species: cod, arrowtooth flounder, rhinoceros auklets, tufted puffins, California sea lions and Guadalupe fur seals.
Seventy-nine humpback and fin whales were stranded during 2015-16, mostly for “unexplained” reasons and in the Gulf of Alaska. The common thread was their reliance on forage fish.
“It sort of hit me — no wonder things were so screwed up, no wonder this thing hit so hard, because the four-inch species is at the heart of all this for the murres, the rhinos, the tufteds, the humpbacks,” Piatt said.
Fisheries professor Selina Heppell, chair of the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife at Oregon State University, said it has long been known or suspected that there were large-scale effects from the marine heat wave.
“What this group has been able to do is actually pull several lines of evidence together into a cohesive story,” said Heppell, who was not part of the study.
However, she said the study underscores the need for additional research on forage fish, even though many do not have commercial value. “That’s what you really have to get to do to answer these ecosystem-change kinds of questions.”
— with a file from Richard Watts
