Faced with delays and restrictions about what it can and cannot do with U.S. technology, Canada’s navy has decided to modernize its frigates using as much non-American equipment as possible for key systems on the ships.

The Defence Department had stipulated that the command and control systems on the multi-billion-dollar frigate upgrade be free of U.S. regulations, said officials with Lockheed Martin Canada in Ottawa, the company handling the contract.

In the past, the U.S. government’s strict enforcement of technology restrictions under International Traffic in Arms Regulations has delayed the delivery of military equipment to Canada.

In addition, in 2006 U.S. government officials tried unsuccessfully to limit the type of Canadians who could work on Canadian defence programs, specifically requesting that those who were born in certain countries or who had dual citizenship with particular countries not be allowed access to American technology.

Such restrictions violate Canadian law. As a result, key radars, sensors and software to be installed on the Halifax-class frigates are coming from Canada, Sweden, Israel, Germany, and the Netherlands.

“It was a desire [by the customer],” Don McClure, Lockheed Martin Canada’s vice-president of business development, said of the decision to use technology that wasn’t controlled by ITAR.

“The primary thing is during the life of a warship there is the need to modify certain tactics or add certain sensors and the navy didn’t want to be restricted to having to ask permission [from the U.S.] for that.”

McClure said the command and control system the firm is developing in conjunction with Saab Electronics Systems of Sweden will be free of any U.S. export controls.

That will also allow the Ottawa company to market the system to other navies without having to seek U.S. permission.

Some of the weapons on the Canadian frigates use U.S.-technology and there are other American-made components that aren’t covered by ITAR on the vessels.

McClure said the frigate modernization is on track, with the first ship expected to be worked on starting in the fall.

The Defence Department is spending a total of $3.1 billion on the program, which not only includes the work being done by Lockheed Martin Canada and its partners but mid-life improvements to mechanical systems on the vessels to be done by Victoria Shipyards and on the East Coast.

The modernization of all 12 frigates will be finished by 2017.

Defence Department spokeswoman Jocelyn Sweet said in an e-mail that the department did not specify that the materials and work associated with the mid-life maintenance of the frigates be free from U.S. ITAR.

But she added: “DND did require that any proposals related to the integrated combat system address how the contractor would mitigate any risk to the delivery schedule if they included sourcing of material or services from the U.S. that would invoke ITAR restrictions.”